Insulin
Metabolism in vertebrates is primarily regulated by hormones. Of these, insulin is among the most important and can be called the “master control” hormone of metabolism.
Insulin is the “hormone of abundance”, and its job is to store energy. This goes far beyond the cellular uptake of glucose. Insulin stimulates the activity of hundreds of different proteins, and its downstream effects alter the expression of around 2000 genes.
In short, insulin stimulates whole-body anabolism (“growth”), while its absence induces whole-body catabolism. The former of these is readily seen in type II diabetics (who get fat easily) whereas the latter of these is readily seen in type I diabetics (who lose body weight quite easily & fast).
The upsides and downsides of insulin
In biology, things are rarely “bad” or “good”. Insulin is no exception. I personally do not want to be “low insulin all of the time” but rather “low insulin resistance all of the time”. But before we get to that, I will briefly discuss the positive and negative aspects of insulin.
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